St Donat's Castle (Welsh: Castell Sain Dunwyd), St Donats, Wales is a medieval castle in the Vale of Glamorgan, about 16 miles (26 km) to the west of Cardiff. Founded in the 12th century, the castle was the home of the Stradling family for some four hundred years. After the death of the last Stradling in a duel, the castle's status and condition declined and by the early 19th century it was only partly habitable. In the 20th century it was restored by a colliery owner and then massively expanded by William Randolph Hearst. It is now the home of Atlantic College, an international school. With a history of occupation extending from the late-13th century to the present, St Donat's is among the oldest continuously inhabited castles in Wales.
The castle's origins date from the 1300s, when Peter de Stradling began its development. The Stradlings remained in possession of the castle until 1738. By the mid-19th century, having been leased for over one hundred years, St Donat's was in a dilapidated condition. Its restoration began in 1852 when it was purchased by John Whitlock Nicholl Carne, and continued through the efforts of its subsequent owner, the coal magnate Morgan Stuart Williams. The castle was purchased by Richard Pennoyer, an American diplomat, in 1922 and then sold in 1925 to another American, the newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst. Hearst undertook a major expansion of St Donat's, including the incorporation of elements from other ancient structures such as the roof of Bradenstoke Priory. His approach to architectural reclamation was controversial and the destruction of Bradenstoke was opposed in a vigorous campaign organised by the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings.
Despite spending vast sums of money on the development and furnishing of the castle, Hearst rarely visited it and in 1937, with his publishing empire facing collapse, St Donat's was put up for sale. Following his death in 1951, the Hearst Corporation continued its efforts to sell. In 1960, the castle was bought for the United World Colleges as the location for their first college which opened in 1962. As at 2017 Atlantic College is home to some three hundred and fifty students from more than ninety countries. Both the castle and grounds are of historical and architectural importance, and have Grade I listed status.
Video St Donat's Castle
History
The de Stradlings: 1300-1738
According to tradition, the site of St Donat's was the place to which Caradog, the Celtic chieftain, returned after being released from imprisonment in Rome by the emperor Claudius. After the Norman invasion of Wales in the mid-11th century, a timber castle was constructed on the site. The earliest surviving parts of the present castle, the keep and the inner ward, were built in the late-12th century by the de Hawey family. Ownership passed to the Stradling family through the marriage of Sir Peter Stradling to Joan de Hawey. The Stradlings were adventurers, from Strättligen in Switzerland, who came to South Wales in the late 13th century. Sir Peter, his wife and, at a slightly later date, her second husband John de Pembridge, extended the castle around 1300, building the outer gatehouse and curtain wall and enlarging the keep and inner gatehouse.
The Stradling family served as magistrates, members of parliament, sheriffs and deputy lieutenants of Glamorganshire from the 13th to the 18th centuries. A number achieved more than local fame. The third Sir Edward Stradling, in a run of nine Edwards, fought at the Battle of Agincourt, married a great-granddaughter of Edward III and established himself as a powerful landowner and courtier. One of Edward's sons, Henry, was seized by pirates in the Bristol Channel while travelling from his Somerset estates to St Donat's, and was only released on payment of a large ransom. This event has subsequently been much embellished by, among others, Taliesin Williams in his account The Doom of Colyn Dolphyn: A Poem, with Notes Illustrative of Various Traditions of Glamorganshire, which involves the eponymous Breton pirate and the witch Mallt-y-Nos.
The scholar Edward Stradling (1528/9-1609) established a library at St Donat's that was considered the finest in Wales of its time. He was the author of a history of the area, The Winning of the Lordship of Glamorgan out of Welshmens' Hands, which established the legend of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan. He was also the patron of Siôn Dafydd Rhys and funded the production and publication of the latter's Cambrobrytannicae Cymraecaeve Linguae Institutiones et Rudimenta, the first Welsh language grammar to be published in Latin and thus widely accessible.
During the English Civil War the Stradlings, prominent Royalists, fought for and funded Charles I and hosted the archbishop James Ussher, when he had to flee Cardiff. Three Stradlings fought at the Battle of St Fagans in 1648 and two were forced into exile after the King's execution. After the Civil War, the family declined in importance and ceased to occupy any significant position in the country and, ultimately, in the county. They retained ownership of St Donat's Castle until the death of Sir Thomas Stradling in a duel in France in 1738. The exact circumstances of his death are uncertain; he was travelling with his university friend Sir John Tyrwhitt, with whom he had reputedly made a pact, each promising the other his inheritance in the event of his death. Sources dispute whether the duel was actually between Stradling and Tyrwhitt, or was contrived by Tyrwhitt. In either event, Stradling was killed and Tyrwhitt inherited his estates.
Decline and recovery: 1739-1925
Under the Tyrwhitts, the castle entered a long decline that lasted over one hundred years. J. M. W. Turner sketched the partly-ruinous castle in 1798. John Wesley is reputed to have preached to a crowd of five thousand people on the terraced lawns in 1777. Partial restoration was started by Dr John Whitlock Nicholl Carne, who claimed to be descended from the Stradlings, and bought the castle from the Tyrwhitt-Drake family in 1862. Carne's reconstructions were not well-regarded; the historian of the castle Alan Hall describes his work as "unscholarly (and) inauthentic".
Morgan Williams, a colliery owner from Aberpergwm and the owner from 1901 to 1909, carried out extensive and careful restoration, employing the noted Victorian architects George Frederick Bodley and Thomas Garner. Williams's sensitive reconstructions were praised by Henry Avray Tipping, the writer, architect and garden designer. The architectural writer Michael Hall was also impressed, describing Bodley's drawing room as "Edwardian antiquarian taste at its most refined". The process of reconstruction was less harmonious, Williams and Garner rowed constantly and Garner ultimately resigned. Almost all of Bodley and Garner's work was eradicated in the "brutal" remodelling undertaken by William Randolph Hearst. Williams also assembled a collection of arms and armour which was housed at the castle, and made major improvements to the castle's setting, moving the village which previously stood close to the castle's walls to a new location outside of the gates and constructing three entrance lodges. In 1903, the novelist Violet Paget, writing under her pseudonym Vernon Lee, used the castle as the model for St Salvat's Castle in her Gothic novel Penelope Brandling: A Tale of the Welsh Coast in the Eighteenth Century. Godfrey Williams, Morgan's son, disliked St Donat's, by tradition on account of its being haunted although this is disputed, and in 1921, having first culled the herd of deer that his father had reintroduced to the park, put the castle up for sale. Its advertisement in The Times, dated 3 May 1921, described the castle as "a comfortable and liveable old-world home of the first importance". In 1922, it was bought, along with 123 acres (50 ha) of land, by Richard Pennoyer, an American diplomat married to the Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury. Pennoyer was to own St Donat's for less than three years.
Citizen Kane's domain: 1925-1960
William Randolph Hearst inherited a mining and real estate fortune from his mother, and expanded the family assets via the establishment of the largest newspaper and magazine company in the world. A part of the ensuing revenues was expended on the building of San Simeon, his Spanish-style castle in California, which Hearst began in 1919. By 1925, he was eager to purchase a genuine castle, and on 13 August he sent a wire to Alice Head, the London-based managing director of his European operations,: "Want buy castle in England [sic]. St Donat's perhaps satisfactory at proper price. See if you can get right price on St Donat's or any other equally good". Within two months, it was Hearst's, or specifically, the property of the National Magazine Corporation. The price paid for the castle and 111 acres (45 ha) of surrounding land was $130,000. Hearst employed Sir Charles Allom as his architect and designer. Allom was a noted decorator, founder of White Allom and Company, and had been knighted in 1913 for his redecoration of Buckingham Palace.
Hearst attracted strong opinions. Theodore Roosevelt called him "an unspeakable blackguard (with) all the worst faults of the corrupt and dissolute monied man". Winston Churchill, who stayed as Hearst's guest at St Donat's and at San Simeon, described him in a letter to Clementine Churchill as, "a grave simple child - with no doubt a nasty temper - playing with the most costly toys ... two magnificent establishments, two charming wives; complete indifference to public opinion, oriental hospitalities". Churchill's mention of "two charming wives" refers to Marion Davies, Hearst's long-time mistress and a constant presence at both San Simeon and St Donat's. P. G. Wodehouse, invited to San Simeon, recalled Hearst's way of dealing with over-staying guests, "The longer you are there, the further you get from the middle (of the refectory dining table). I sat on Marion's right the first night, then found myself being edged further and further away till I got to the extreme end, when I thought it time to leave. Another day, and I should have been feeding on the floor".
Hearst undertook a "rapid and ruthless" redevelopment and rebuilding programme at St Donat's. He spent large sums renovating the castle with architectural trophies from across the United Kingdom and abroad; at the peak of his buying, Hearst's expenditure accounted for a quarter of the world's entire art market. Alice Head, manager of Hearst's London operations, and the actual purchaser of St Donat's, recorded her exhilaration; "We were on top of the wave - out of (one) year's profits, we bought The Connoisseur, we bought St Donats and we bought vast quantities of antiques". The writer Clive Aslet described Hearst's passion for antiquities as "naked obsession...romance gave way to rape", and his mania for collecting was satirised in Orson Welles's 1941 film Citizen Kane. Kane's palace Xanadu, modelled on San Simeon, is described as containing "A collection of everything, so big that it can never be catalogued or appraised. Enough for ten museums, the loot of the world". Hearst's actions was vigorously opposed, particularly in relation to the destruction of the Augustinian foundation Bradenstoke Priory in Wiltshire. Built in 1142, by the 20th century the priory was in poor repair. Hearst purchased the site in 1929, under conditions of secrecy, and had workmen take down the cloister, tithe barn, Prior's lodging and the refectory. Parts were shipped to California, major elements were incorporated into St Donat's, forming the newly-created Bradenstoke hall, and other pieces, including the tithe barn, were simply lost. The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings ran a poster campaign on the London Underground, using text that was considered libellous and which had to be pasted over. The campaign also saw questions on the issue being raised in Parliament. Hearst was unconcerned, Miss Head responding to the SPAB secretary, "Mr Hearst and I are well aware of your views. You must please allow us to hold our own opinions".
Hearst did not visit until September 1928, and even then spent only one night in residence. Having undertaken a nighttime tour of the castle which was illuminated by kerosene lamps, he left the following morning to board the Berengaria for New York. During the voyage home, he wrote a twenty-five-page memorandum for further improvements to the castle. Over the next decade, his time at St Donat's amounted to some four months; between his purchase in 1925 and his death in 1951, he visited, normally for a month at the end of his summer European tours, in 1930, 1931, 1934 and, for the last time, in 1936. His infrequent visits were invariably undertaken with a large entourage, whom he sometimes took for drinks to the Old Swan Inn at the nearby village of Llantwit Major. Among his guests were the actors Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Errol Flynn and Clark Gable while political luminaries included Winston Churchill, David Lloyd George, and a young John F. Kennedy and his parents, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Kennedy. Writers comprised Elinor Glyn, Ivor Novello and Bernard Shaw. Of St Donat's, Shaw was quoted as saying, "This is what God would have built if he had had the money".
In the late 1930s, Hearst's publishing empire came close to collapse. St Donat's was put up for sale in 1937, the Hearst Corporation noting that it had invested some £280,000 in the castle through its subsidiary, the National Magazine Company. An opinion on the chances of recouping this sum was sought from James Milner, prominent solicitor and Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons. His response was not encouraging: "We have at St Donat's a white elephant of the rarest species". Billy Butlin, the holiday-camp entrepreneur, was uninterested and a development proposal by Sir Julian Hodge did not progress. Much of the furniture, silver and works of art were disposed of in a series of sales conducted by Christie's that began in 1939 and continued for some years. During World War II it was requisitioned for use by British and American troops. Hearst did not return after the war but continued to lend the castle to friends; the comedian Bob Hope stayed in May 1951 during his visit for a golf tournament at Porthcawl.
United World Colleges: 1960-2018
Hearst died in August 1951. The castle remained on the market for the following decade until bought in 1960 by Antonin Besse II, son of the late Sir Antonin Besse, and donated to the founding council of Atlantic College. Besse was a patron and honorary vice-president of the United World Colleges. The idea for an international college arose from a meeting between the educationalist Kurt Hahn, who founded Gordonstoun, and Air Marshall Sir Lawrence Darvall, the commandant of the NATO Defense College. They conceived of a college for 16-19-year-old students drawn from a wide range of nationalities, with the aim of fostering international understanding. With Rear-Admiral Desmond Hoare, the first headmaster, they persuaded Besse that the castle would make a suitable location for the first United World College, which opened in 1962 with fifty-six students.
The first rigid-hulled inflatable boat was developed by Hoare at St Donat's in the 1960s. In an act of generosity, Hoare sold the patent for the boat to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution in 1973 for a notional £1; the RNLI's cheque was not cashed and remains at the castle. From 1963 until 2013 the castle hosted an RNLI lifeboat station which was credited with saving ninety-eight lives along the South Wales coast during its period of operation. The college's early years were financially precarious, but major fund-raising efforts led by Sir George Schuster strengthened the financial position in the mid-1960s.
The fiftieth anniversary of the college in 2012 was celebrated with a visit to the site by Queen Noor of Jordan, President of the United World Colleges Foundation. As at 2017, the college was home to 350 students from more than 90 countries. The Hearst Corporation maintains a connection with St Donat's through a sponsorship programme for students at the college. With a history of occupation from its construction in the late 13th century, St Donat's has been described as the oldest continuously inhabited castle in Wales.
Maps St Donat's Castle
Architecture and description
Detailed drawings and plans prepared by the engineer and antiquary George Thomas Clark in 1871 and then by George Lambert in 1901, assisted the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW) in the writing of their survey of the castle published in 2000. In this survey, RCAHMW assess the development of the castle in six phases: Period 1, the late-12th century; Period 2, the early-14th century; Period 3, the late-15th century; Period 4, the early-16th century; Period 5, the late-16th or early-17th centuries and finally the restorations of Nicholl Carne, Morgan Williams and Hearst himself.
The entrance lies to the north-west. The grouping is surrounded by outer and inner curtain walls. The outer curtain wall is pierced by a gatehouse which leads through to an outer court. This is blocked, to the left, by Hearst's Bradenstoke Hall. A further gate, adjacent to the Mansell Tower, leads onto the inner court with the great hall to the south-west, the Bradenstoke Hall behind that, the banqueting hall to the west and the North Range to the right of the inner gatehouse.
Exterior
The castle site offers natural defences, in the form of steeps slopes to two sides and the coast to a third. The unprotected, eastern, side is encircled by a deep, dry moat.. The castle is built of local, lias limestone rubble with Sutton stone and sandstone dressings. The outer gatehouse is approached through modern battlements. The gatehouse has a portcullis room above, with an original fireplace of c.1300 and a wooden portcullis with wooden doors behind. The first (outer) court beyond is the earliest part of the castle, constructed by the de Haweys in the late-12th century to replace a Norman timber fortification. The architectural historian John Newman draws comparisons with Newcastle at Bridgend and Coity Castle. To the sides of this gateway are a domestic range and the Brewhouse, the last major additions made by the Stradlings. The inner wall mostly survives and has a small original tower to the north, and a square gatehouse on the east beside the rectangular Mansell Tower, an enlargement of the original keep.
Through this, an inner court about 40 metres (130 ft) across lies within a polygonal inner curtain wall. The curtain walls date from c.1300, having been built by the founder of the Stradling family or perhaps by his widow's second husband. The north-west range is of the early-16th century; the north-east range is of the late-15th century and the great hall of the same date is on the south side of the court. The double-height bay windows date from Bodley and Garner's remodelling for Morgan Williams. Alan Hall describes the inner court as having a "peaceful and domestic" appearance having been constructed in the more settled Tudor period under the later Stradlings.
The exterior walls of the inner ward are decorated with a set of terracotta medallions or busts. The writer Simon Jenkins suggests it is unclear whether they are original to the castle or imported from elsewhere, although the architectural historian John Newman records that they were in situ by 1804. They appear to be modelled on the busts of the emperors by Giovanni da Maiano at Hampton Court. There are differing views as to the provenance of the medallions. Cadw is certain that two, those said to depict Marcus Aurelius and Cleopatra, are by da Maiano and were originally part of the Hampton Court set. It also suggests they could have been installed as early as the 16th century. Alan Hall agrees, noting the close connection between Cardinal Wolsey, to whom Pope Leo X had presented them, and Sir Thomas Arundell, father-in-law of the fourth Sir Edward Stradling. Newman is less definitive, although he notes their varying quality and suggests that further investigation should be undertaken.
Beside the hall, between the inner and outer curtain walls, is the Bradenstoke Hall, consisting of the inner curtain wall on the north side and the realigned outer curtain wall on the south, with a modern wall on the east end built at that point to fit in an early-14th-century roof, brought from Bradenstoke Priory in Wiltshire. The western range has largely been replaced by a larger, three-storey building which necessitated, when erected, the demolition of the western part of the outer curtain wall. All of this renewal was undertaken by Hearst to achieve larger spaces for entertaining. The historian Adrian Pettifer records St Donat's as the last inhabited castle in Wales to undergo major alteration, describing Hearst's efforts as "aggrandise(ment) with plunder".
Interior
The Bradenstoke Hall contains two large fireplaces of French origin. The banqueting hall, on the ground floor of the west range, is another example of Hearst's indiscriminate use of architectural salvage. The roof is 15th-century, probably Flemish and was acquired from St Botolph's Church, Boston, Lincolnshire. The roof has coloured ceiling bosses depicting a wide array of subjects, including flowers, griffins, the beasts of the Apostles and a head of Christ. The fireplace was cut to fit and with jambs from a different piece, is from a château in Beauvais. The entrance screen was taken from a Devon church. Hearst's breakfast room, off the banqueting hall, reuses another piece of the St Botolph's ceiling, and a fireplace from the Prior's Lodgings at Bradenstoke. The library above contains a major example of linenfold panelling, the Ellenhall Wainscot. Originally from a Staffordshire manor house, the panelling was sold to a dealer by the Earl of Lichfield in 1918 and subsequently acquired by Hearst. The Lady Anne Tower on the south-western corner of the castle is a Hearst/Allom reconstruction of the original 16th-century tower. The north range interior was remodelled in the late 1920s and contains Hearst's and Davies's bedroom suites, with an interconnecting door concealed in the panelling of Hearst's room. The panelling of Hearst's bedroom is original to the site, but not to its current location. Allom salvaged it from the Stradlings' Red Parlour, which Hearst demolished. Alan Hall notes the similarity of the panelling to that in the Senior Common Room at Jesus College, Oxford, a foundation attended and supported by many members of the Welsh gentry, including the Stradlings.
Above the banqueting hall, Hearst created an armoury, which he filled with a notable collection of arms and armour, mainly sourced by the dealer, Raymond Bartel, whom Hearst head-hunted from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The collection, sold after Hearst's death, was at the time "one of the finest in the world", mainly bought at German auctions in the 1920s and 1930s and including a set of plate armour from Milan considered the earliest near-complete set in existence.
The castle was designated a Grade I listed building, the highest possible grade reserved for buildings of exceptional interest, in 1952.
St Donat's Arts Centre and other college buildings
St Donat's Arts Centre is housed in a tithe barn of medieval origin but predominantly 16th-century in date. The barn has been converted to a professionally equipped theatre which runs a programme of cinema, exhibitions and festivals. The Glass House is a modern addition and has been described as "aggressively detailed" but offering spectacular views. John Newman considered that the other developments undertaken by the college, although in designs of "uncompromising modernity", neither "detract from the historic castle (nor) impinge on its setting".
Gardens and grounds
The original gardens of the Stradlings were famous, begun in the Tudor period by Sir Thomas Stradling. They were extended by his son, Sir Edward Stradling, after a long sojourn in Rome. The Tudor Stradlings also maintained two deer parks on the wider estate, one for Red and one for Fallow deer. The Welsh poet Thomas Leyson, a friend of Sir Edward, composed a tribute in Latin, suggesting that the beauty of the gardens was sufficient to encourage visits from the sea-god Neptune and the water-nymph Thetis. The gardens descend in a series of terraces to the sea and give 14-mile (23 km) distant views across the Bristol Channel towards Devon and Somerset.
Further development was undertaken in the early-20th century by Morgan Williams, when he created a Tudor-style garden with carved heraldic beasts on pedestals, and then by Hearst. In addition to a number of garden structures, including an Italianate summerhouse overlooking the Rose Garden in which he installed a telephone exchange with connections to New York and California, Hearst built a 150 feet (46 m) long outdoor swimming pool on the lowest terrace, on the site of the castle's medieval tilt-yard. The pool was designed by Allom, assisted by Julia Morgan, Hearst's main architect for San Simeon. Beyond the pool site are the Cavalry Barracks. Newman dates these as 17th-century, but both Alan Hall and CADW suggest a slightly earlier dating, in the 16th century, as a response to the threat of Spanish invasion. They were certainly converted to stabling, from whence the name derives, in the 17th century, and the Stradlings kept their horses at the barracks during the Civil War. By the 20th century the barracks were in a ruinous state and Hearst converted them into guest accommodation and a pool house in the 1930s. Between 1978 and 1981 Atlantic College rebuilt them in the original 17th-century style to serve as student accommodation. The college also constructed an indoor swimming pool and replaced the Allom/Morgan outdoor pool. Beyond the barracks, the castellated sea walls and towers have their origins in the 16th century, but were completely reconstructed by Hearst in the 1920s. The watchtower on the opposite slope to the castle is also probably 16th-century, or possibly late-15th-century, and is shown in a state of completion in a view of the castle dated 1740. It decayed thereafter, was restored in the late-19th century, but is again derelict in the early 21st century. It was almost certainly intended as a seaward look-out.
The gardens were given Grade I listed status in 1963. Many of the surrounding structures have their own Grade II listings including the watchtower to the west of the castle, the sea walls and towers to the south of the castle, at the end of the terraces, the Cavalry Barracks, the lawn sundial, and the walls to the north and west of the castle entrance. The gardens remain a rare survival of a complete, terraced Tudor garden, once among the finest Renaissance gardens in Wales.
Footnotes
References
Sources
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- Denning, Roy; Hilling, John B.; Williams, Glanmor; Jones, Howard C.; Sutcliffe, David (1983). The Story of St. Donat's Castle and Atlantic College. Cowbridge, UK: D. Brown & Sons. ISBN 9780905928265.
- Gilbert, Martin (1976). Winston S. Churchill 1922-1939. Authorised biography of Winston S. Churchill. V. London: Heinemann. OCLC 715481469.
- Hall, Alan (2013). St Donat's Castle - a guide and brief history. Glamorgan, Wales: Atlantic College. OCLC 5991711.
- Hall, Michael (2015). George Frederick Bodley and the later Gothic Revival in Britain and America. New Haven, US and London, UK: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300208023.
- Harris, John (2007). Moving Rooms: The Trade in Architectural Salvages. New Haven, US and London, UK: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300124200.
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- Wood, Margaret (1965). The English Medieval House. London: Random House. ISBN 9781858911670.
External links
- St Donat's Arts Centre website
- A History of St Donat's Castle
- The Stradling Family
- Images of St Donat's Castle and surrounding area
- Aerial images of the castle taken in 1934
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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